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1. RELATIVE PRONOUNS REL A TIVE CLAUSES
2. Relative pronouns are:
Who (whom, whose)
which
that
where
when
why
…… ..
NOT what!
3. We use who – for people which – for things
The book is about a girl who runs away from home.
Where is the cheese which was in the fridge?
4. In informal ******** we can use that instead of who / which
The book is about a girl that runs away from home.
Where is the cheese that was in the fridge?
5. In some cases we can leave out that
The job (that) he got wasn`t very interesting.
A woman ( whom/that) my sister knows has just bought the house next door.
6. We can`t leave out who , which , what in relative clauses with extra information that is important
Dorothy , who does my hair, has just had a baby.
I lent him “The Old Man and The Sea” , which is really easy to read.
NB! Here we can`t use that .
7. Whose
We say whose for possession (‘of who’)
We only use whose after people to refer to things that are theirs
I know t he boy whose goal is to fold origami.
We cannot omit whose !
8. Whom
Whom is generally used in formal con****s
Whom is used for direct objects (people)
To whom am I speaking?
The person whom you are trying to reach is not available.
(Most of the time we would say ‘who,’ not whom!)
9. Where
We use where for places
This is the store where I bought that dress.
10. When
We use when for time
That was the day when I learned my teacher was an alien.
11. Why
We use why to explain the reason
The reason why I did it was because John was annoying me.
(Usually, it´s better to just make the sentence shorter: ¨I did it because John was annoying me.¨ )
12. Whose
We use why to explain the reason
The reason why I did it was because John was annoying me.
(Usually, it´s better to just make the sentence shorter: ¨I did it because John was annoying me.¨ )
13. Appositives (non-defining relative clauses)
To give extra information, put a comma and start a new clause with a relative pronoun. End with a comma and continue the sentence.
John is my friend.
John is very smart.
John, who is very smart, is my friend.
14. Appositives (non-defining relative clauses)
We use which, when, who, or whose.
We cannot say that.
We cannot omit relative pronouns.